![]() The helical ventricular myocardial band model of Torrent Guasp appears in the two classical anatomy texts of Clemente, and Moore and Dally and its mechanics explain each motion. The heart’s functional counterpart involves only six movements narrowing, shortening, lengthening, widening, twisting, and uncoiling. Treating disease requires restoration of normality, so decisions must be based upon an understanding of anatomic normality. Reproduced form the references with Publisher’s permission. Marker arrow points to the left anterior descending artery pathway that bisects the helical muscles forming septum and left ventricular free wall. Lower right-unfolded helix showing the oblique fibers of the inner descending helical arm that is separated from the outer ascending helical arm. Upper right-circumferential wrap or basal loop with transverse fibers and the inner helix. Longitudinal fibers only exist within the two papillary muscles ( b) unfolding of HVMB model. ![]() Bottom layer-HMVB unraveled to display its rope-like model appearance. The entire basal loop (containing RS and LS) is also shown. Third layer-helix unfolding to display descending segment (DS) after ascending segment (AS) is separated. Second layer-further circumferential or basal loop unfolding of its left segment and showing inner helix. Upper right-circumferential or basal loop unfolding its right segment. ( a) Helical ventricular myocardial band unfolding. For this reason, the anterior descending and posterior descending coronary arteries are simply vascular highways perched upon the top or bottom of the helical muscle forming the septum and its adjacent LV free wall. įor example, the left ventricular free wall and septum are usually discussed separately, yet both are formed by the same muscle ( Figure 1) and their function cannot be separated unless isolated focal lesions exist. The integrated function of this wrap and helical architectural configuration explains the heart’s mechanical actions. ![]() Functional analyses have addressed them independently, and this approach has resulted in many suppositions that this report will define and question.Īlternatively, cardiac muscle mass is formed by the helix and surrounding circumferential wrap described by Lower in the 1600s, Senac in the 1700s, Krehl in the 1800s, Mall in the 1900s, and more recently by Torrent Guasp. The current approach to understanding cardiac dynamics relies upon movements that adhere to the conventional topographical separation of cardiac muscle into the left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum. ![]() Torrent Guasp’s revolutionary contributions may alter future understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease. These suppositions include the LV, RV, and septum description, timing of mitral valve opening, isovolumic relaxation period, reasons for torsion/twisting, untwisting, reasons for longitudinal and circumferential strain, echocardiographic sub segmentation, resynchronization, RV function dynamics, diastolic dysfunction’s cause, and unrecognized septum impairment. The described structural findings will raise questions about deductions guiding “accepted cardiac mechanics”, and their functional aspects will challenge and overturn them. Torrent Guasp’s helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB) defines this anatomy and its structure, and explains why the heart’s six dynamic actions of narrowing, shortening, lengthening, widening, twisting, and uncoiling happen. Cardiac dynamics are traditionally linked to a left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum morphology, a topography that differs from the heart’s five-century-old anatomic description of containing a helix and circumferential wrap architectural configuration. ![]()
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